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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - New research hints that the social and sexual networks of black gay men, constrained by the preferences and attitudes of non-black gay men, may explain the risk of more rapid spread of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and higher sustained prevalence of HIV infection in black gay men.

While black Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, most studies have found that black gay men don’t engage in higher risk sexual activity any more frequently than other gay men, H. Fisher Raymond and Willi McFarland of the San Francisco Department of Public Health point out in a report in the journal AIDS and Behavior.

To study the influence of social and sexual mixing between racial and ethnic groups of gay men in San Francisco, Raymond and McFarland interviewed 1,142 gay men. Fifty-six percent were white, 22% Latino, 14% Asian and 9% black. The men reported on a total of 3,532 sexual partnerships.

They found that black gay men were three times more likely to have sexual partners that were also black, than would be expected by chance alone.

In addition, black gay men were the least preferred of sexual partners by other races and were believed to be riskier to have sex with, which can lead to men of other races avoiding black men as sexual partners.

Black gay men were also counted less often among friends and were perceived as less welcome at the common venues that cater to gay men in San Francisco by other gay men.

These influences, Raymond told Reuters Health, push black gay men closer together in smaller social and sexual networks - “networks that are already at higher risk for HIV infection merely because the background prevalence of HIV is higher than in other groups.”

“Social and sexual networks are directly related to how much risk we expose ourselves to (and) it seems clear that these networks are influenced by both forces an individual can control and those that one can’t,” Raymond said.

“Of our findings, social networks and access to community spaces may be the areas most amenable to action,” Raymond said. “Acting on personal preferences in sexual partners may not be, however raising awareness that personal preferences may be shaped by underlying negative racial stereotypes or history isn’t without merit,” he added.

“The racial disparity in HIV observed for more than a decade,” Raymond and McFarland conclude in their report, “will not disappear until the challenges posed by a legacy of racism toward blacks in the U.S. are addressed.”

SOURCE: AIDS and Behavior, June 2009.

Breast cancer screenings increased more than 17 percent through the use of a reminder program for women who were due for a mammogram, a new U.S. study shows.

Kaiser Permanente staff checked electronic health records of its 35,000 members to identify women aged 50 to 69 who hadn’t had a mammogram for 20 months. They were sent a postcard reminder. If they didn’t make an appointment within a month, they received an automated reminder call. If they didn’t respond to that in a month, they received another automated reminder call. If they still didn’t make an appointment, they received a phone call from a clerk in the radiology department.

Within 10 months of the first reminder notices being sent, more than 75 percent of the women had come in for mammograms, compared to 63.4 percent before the start of the reminder program. After the second year of the program, 80.6 percent of the women had come in for mammograms.

The study appears in the August issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

“We know mammograms are effective, but too many women put them off, even when they have health insurance,” study author Dr. Adrianne Feldstein, an investigator at Kaiser Permanente’s Center for Health Research in Portland, Ore., said in a news release.

“This study is the first to show that these reminder programs can be effective in such a large group of women. If we could improve the country’s mammography rate by the same amount, we could detect as many as 25,000 additional cases of breast cancer a year,” she said.

Regular mammograms can reduce breast cancer deaths by more than 30 percent. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends breast cancer screenings every one to two years for women over age 40. However, current screening rates are well below the guidelines.